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Mark Isaakの創造論者の主張から「若い月」関連を紹介する。
CE101:[backup]
Based on measured rates of planetary dust accumulation, there is too little moon dust for an old moon. Before the moon landings, there was considerable fear that astronauts would sink in the dust.
惑星の塵の堆積率の測定に基づけば、月が古いとしたら月には塵があまりに少なすぎる。月着陸前に、宇宙飛行士が塵に沈み込むことが懸念されていた。
Source:
Morris, Henry M., 1974. Scientific Creationism, Green Forest, AR: Master Books, p. 152.
Response:
- The high number for dust accumulation (14 million tons per year on earth) comes from the high end of a single preliminary measurement that has long been obsolete. Other higher estimates come from even more obsolete sources, although they are sometimes incorrectly cited as being more recent. The actual influx is about 22,000 to 44,000 tons per year on earth and around 840 tons per year on the moon
塵の堆積量の大きな数字(地球上で年1400万トン)は、かなり時代遅れの1回の予備的測定の上限値に基づいている。他の大きな数字も、さらに時代遅れの文献に基づいているが、時として、最新の成果だと言って提示される。実際の堆積量は地球上で年2.2万〜4.4万トンであり、月では年840トンである。
The story that scientists worried about astronauts sinking in moon dust is a total fabrication. As early as 1965, scientists were confident, based on optical properties of the moon's surface, that dust was not extensive. Surveyor I, in May 1966, confirmed this.
宇宙飛行士が月の塵に沈み込むことを科学者たちが心配したというのは作り話である。少なくとも1965年には、月面の光学観測によって、月の塵が多くないことに、科学者たちはは自身を持っており、これはSurveyor Iによって1966年5月に確認された。
Links:
- Thompson, Tim, 1996. Meteorite dust and the age of the earth.
- Matson, Dave E., 1994. How good are those young-earth arguments? >
Further Reading:
- Thompson, Tim, n.d. Is the Earth young?
CE110:[backup]
Because of tidal friction, the moon is receding, and the earth's rotation is slowing down, at rates too fast for the earth to be billions of years old.
潮汐摩擦により月は遠くなり、地球の自転は減速する。その減速率からすると、地球が数十億歳にしては自転速度が速すぎる。
Source:
Barnes, Thomas G. 1982. Young age for the moon and earth. Impact 110 (Aug.).
Response:
- The moon is receding at about 3.8 cm per year. Since the moon is 3.85 × 1010 cm from the earth, this is already consistent, within an order of magnitude, with an earth-moon system billions of years old.
月は毎年3.8cmずつ遠ざかっている。月は地球から3.85 × 1010 cmの距離にあるので、これは地球と月が数十億歳であることと、オーダーは一致している。
- The magnitude of tidal friction depends on the arrangement of the continents. In the past, the continents were arranged such that tidal friction, and thus the rates of earth's slowing and the moon's recession, would have been less. The earth's rotation has slowed at a rate of two seconds every 100,000 years (Eicher 1976).
潮汐摩擦の大きさは、大陸の配置に依存する。過去には大陸の配置が、潮汐摩擦が小さく、地球の自転の減速率や月が遠ざかっていく率が小さかった。地球の自転は10万年あたり2秒で減速してきた。
- The rate of earth's rotation in the distant past can be measured. Corals produce skeletons with both daily layers and yearly patterns, so we can count the number of days per year when the coral grew. Measurements of fossil corals from 180 to 400 million years ago show year lengths from 381 to 410 days, with older corals showing more days per year (Eicher 1976; Scrutton 1970; Wells 1963; 1970). Similarly, days per year can also be computed from growth patterns in mollusks (Pannella 1976; Scrutton 1978) and stromatolites (Mohr 1975; Pannella et al. 1968) and from sediment deposition patterns (Williams 1997). All such measurements are consistent with a gradual rate of earth's slowing for the last 650 million years.
はるか過去の地球の自転速度は計測可能である。サンゴは日単位および年単位にパターンを持つ骨格を形成する。従って、サンゴが成長したときの1年の日数を数えられる。1.8億年〜4億年前のサンゴの化石の計測は、1年が381〜410日であることを示していて、さらに古いサンゴは1年の日数がもっと多い[Eicher 1976; Scrutton 1970; Wells 1963; 1970]。同様に、1年の日数は軟体動物の成長[Pannella 1976; Scrutton 1978]たストロマトライトの成長[Mohr 1975; Pannella et al. 1968]や堆積物のパターン[Williams 1997]から推定できる。これらの計測は過去6.5億年の地球の自転の減速率について一致した結果を出している。
- The clocks based on the slowing of earth's rotation described above provide an independent method of dating geological layers over most of the fossil record. The data is inconsistent with a young earth.
上記の地球の自転の減速率に基づく年代は、大半の化石記録の地層の年代測定とは独立である。これらのデータは若い地球とは整合しない。
Link:
- Thompson, Tim, 2000. The recession of the Moon and the age of the Earth-Moon system.
- Matson, Dave E., 1994. How good are those young-earth arguments?
References:
- Eicher, D. L., 1976. Geologic Time. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
- Mohr, R. E., 1975. Measured periodicities of the Biwabik (Precambrian) stromatolites and their geophysical significance. In: Rosenberg and Runcorn, pp. 43-56.
- Pannella, G., 1976. Tidal growth patterns in Recent and fossil mollusc bivalve shells: A tool for the reconstruction of paleotides. Naturwissenschaften 63: 539-543.
- Pannella, G., C. MacClintock and M. Thompson, 1968. Paleontological evidence of variation in length of synodic month since Late Cambrian. Science 162: 792-796.
- Rosenberg, G. D. and S. K. Runcorn (eds.), 1975. Growth Rhythms and the History of the Earth's Rotation. New York: Wiley.
- Scrutton, C. T., 1970. Evidence for a monthly periodicity in the growth of some corals. In: Palaeogeophysics, S. K. Runcorn, ed., London: Academic Press, pp. 11-16.
- Scrutton, C. T., 1978. Periodic growth features in fossil organisms and the length of the day and month. In: Tidal Friction and the Earth's Rotation. P. Brosche and J. Sundermann, eds., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 154-196.
- Wells, J. W., 1963. Coral growth and geochronometry. Nature 197: 948-950.
- Wells, J. W., 1970. Problems of annual and daily growth-rings in corals. In: Palaeogeophysics, S. K. Runcorn, ed., London: Academic Press, pp. 3-9.
- Williams, G. E., 1997. Precambrian length of day and the validity of tidal rhythmite paleotidal values. Geophysical Research Letters 24(4): 421-424.
Further Reading:
- Pannella, G., 1972. Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since the early Precambrian. Astrophysics and Space Science 16: 212-237. (technical)
- Rosenberg, G. D. and S. K. Runcorn (eds.), 1975. Growth Rhythms and the History of the Earth's Rotation. New York: Wiley. (technical)
- Schopf, J. William (ed.), 1983. Earth's Earliest Biosphere. Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. (technical)
CE130:[backup]
Lunar activity such as moonquakes, lava flows, and gas emissions indicates the moon's youth.
月震や溶岩流やガス噴出などの月の活動は、月が若いことを示している。
Source:
Pathlights, n.d. The age of the earth - 1.
Response:
- Moonquakes can be explained by tidal stresses and by lunar contraction (due to the highlands gradually sinking). Moonquakes, in fact, provide evidence that the moon has a solid core, consistent with its old age.
月震は潮汐力や(高原が次第に沈降することによる)月の収縮によって説明できる。事実、月震は月が固体のコアを持つことを示していて、月が古いことと整合している。
- There is no evidence for recent lava flows not associated with meteor impacts.
隕石衝突に伴うもの以外に溶岩流があったという証拠はない。
- Outgassing is consistent with an old moon. It can take a long time for gasses to work their way to the surface.
ガスの噴出は月が古いことと整合している。ガスが月表面にたどりつくのには時間がかかる。
Further Reading:
- LANL. n.d. The Los Alamos built spectrometers.
posted by Kumicit at 2009/01/06 00:13
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