創造論者の主張 Darwin was racist

まいどおなじみ、Mark Isaakの創造論者の主張リストから：

Claim CA005.1:
Charles Darwin was himself a racist, referring to native Africans and Australians, for example, as savages.
チャールズ・ダーウィン自身が人種差別主義者で、たとえばアフリカ人やオーストラリア人を未開人と呼んでいた。

Source:
Humber, Paul G. 1987. The ascent of racism. Impact 164, http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=268
Weston-Broome, Sharon. 2001. Louisiana House Concurrent Resolution no. 74: Civil Rights: Provides relative to racism and education about racism. HLS 01-2652 ORIGINAL.

Response:
Virtually all Englishmen in Darwin's time viewed blacks as culturally and intellectually inferior to Europeans. Some men of that time (such as Louis Agassiz, a staunch creationist) went so far as to say they were a different species. Charles Darwin was a product of his times and no doubt viewed non-Europeans as inferior in ways, but he was far more liberal than most: He vehemently opposed slavery (Darwin 1913, especially chap. 21), and he contributed to missionary work to better the condition of the native Tierra del Fuegans. He treated people of all races with compassion.

事実上、ダーウィンの時代のすべての英国人は黒人を文化的にも知的にも欧州人より劣ったものと見ていた。堅実な創造論者Luis Agassizなど当時の人々の中には、黒人は別の種だとまで言っていた。チャールズ・ダーウィンはその時代の人であり、非欧州人を劣った物と見ていたことは間違いない。しかし、ダーウィンは当時の大多数よりは、はるかにリベラルだった。ダーウィンは奴隷制度に強く反対していた[ビーグル号航海記21章]。ダーウィンはTierra del Fuegansの状態改善に貢献した。ダーウィンはすべての人種の人々を同情で遇した。

The mention of "favoured races" in the subtitle of Origin of Species merely refers to variations within species which survive to leave more offspring. It does not imply racism.

種の起源の副題である「支持された種」は、種の中のより多くの子孫を残した変異について述べたものであって、人種差別主義を意味しない。

The views of Darwin, or of any person, are irrelevant to the fact of evolution. Evolution is based on evidence, not on people's opinions.
ダーウィンの見方、あるいは誰かの見方と、進化の事実は関係がない。進化は証拠に基づくものであって、人々の意見に基づくものではない。

References:
Darwin, Charles. 1913. Voyage Round the World of H.M.S. Beagle, 11th ed. London, John Murray. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/vbgle11.txt

ついでに、ダーウィンの時代の米国を見ておこう。ReligiousTolerance.orgによれば、19世紀米国では、奴隷制度が不道徳でない根拠を聖書に置いていた[CHRISTIANITY AND SLAVERY, Slavery in the Bible]:

19th century quotations:

"[Slavery] was established by decree of Almighty God...it is sanctioned in the Bible, in both Testaments, from Genesis to Revelation...it has existed in all ages, has been found among the people of the highest civilization, and in nations of the highest proficiency in the arts." Jefferson Davis, President, Confederate States of America.
[Jefferson Davis, "Inaugural Address as Provisional President of the Confederacy," Montgomery, AL, 1861-FEB-18, Confederate States of America, Congressional Journal, 1:64-66. ]
奴隷制度は全能の神の命令によって確立された。創世記からヨハネの黙示録まで、新約聖書と旧約聖書で認可されている。そして、高度な文明を持つ国々や芸術に秀でた国々において、あらゆる時代に見られる。{Davis Jefferson南部連合大統領]

"The right of holding slaves is clearly established in the Holy Scriptures, both by precept and example." Rev. R. Furman, D.D., a Baptist pastor from South Carolina. [Ref. Dr. Ricahrd Furman, "Exposition of the views of the Baptists relative to the coloured population in the United States in communication to the Governor of South-Carolina," (1838)
奴隷を保有する権利は旧約聖書および新約聖書の指針と例において、明らかに確立されている。

"There is not one verse in the Bible inhibiting slavery, but many regulating it. It is not then, we conclude, immoral." Rev. Alexander Campbell
奴隷制度を禁じる記述は聖書にはひとつもない。しかし、それを規制する記述は多くある。したがって、不道徳だと結論しない。[Alexander Campbell師]

"The hope of civilization itself hangs on the defeat of Negro suffrage." A statement by a prominent 19th-century southern Presbyterian pastor, cited by Rev. Jack Rogers, moderator of the Presbyterian Church (USA).
文明そのものの希望は、黒人の選挙権否定にかかっている [19世紀の南部長老派教会の牧師の声明, 長老派教会のJack Rogers師による引用]

"The doom of Ham has been branded on the form and features of his African descendants. The hand of fate has united his color and destiny. Man cannot separate what God hath joined." United States Senator James Henry Hammond. [William Lee Miller, "Arguing About Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress." Alfred A. Knopf, (1996), Page 139.]

Hamへの宣告は、彼のアフリカの子孫の外見に焼き付けられた。運命の手は、彼の肌の色と運命を結びつけた。人間には神によって結び付けられたもの切り離せない。

Rev. R. Furmanの引用の前後は、「奴隷制度反対の主張には根拠がなく、旧約聖書レビ記にも、イスラエル人たちが奴隷を購入するように指示される記述がある」という文脈になっている:

On the lawfulness of holding slaves, considering it in a moral and religious view, the Convention think it their duty to exhibit their sentiments, on the present occasion, before your Excellency, because they consider their duty to God, the peace of the State, the satisfaction of scrupulous consciences, and the welfare of the slaves themselves, as intimately connected with a right view of the subject. The rather, because certain writers on politics, morals and religion, and some of them highly respectable, have advanced positions, and inculcated sentiments, very unfriendly to the principle and practice of holding slaves; and by some these sentiments have been advanced among us, tending in their nature, directly to disturb the domestic peace of the State, to produce insubordination and rebellion among the slaves, and to infringe the rights of our citizens; and indirectly, to deprive the slaves of religious privileges, by awakening in the minds of their masters a fear, that acquaintance with the Scriptures, and the enjoyment of these privileges would naturally produce the aforementioned effects; because the sentiments in opposition to the holding of slaves have been attributed, by their advocates, to the Holy Scriptures, and to the genius of Christianity. These sentiments, the Convention, on whose behalf I address your Excellency, cannot think just, or well-founded: for the right of holding slaves is clearly established by the Holy Scriptures, both by precept and example. In the Old Testament, the Isrealites were directed to purchase their bond-men and bond-maids of the Heathen nations; except they were of the Canaanites, for these were to be destroyed. And it is declared, that the persons purchased were to be their "bond-men forever;" and an "inheritance for them and their children." They were not to go out free in the year of jubilee, as the Hebrews, who had been purchased, were: the line being clearly drawn between them.*[See Leviticus XXV. 44, 45, 46, &c.] In example, they are presented to our view as existing in the families of the Hebrews as servants, or slaves, born in the house, or bought with money: so that the children born of slaves are here considered slaves as well as their parents. And to this well known state of things, as to its reason and order, as well as to special privileges, St. Paul appears to refer, when he says, "But I was free born."
[Rev. Dr. Richard Furman's: "EXPOSITION of The Views of the Baptists, RELATIVE TO THE COLOURED POPULATION In the United States IN A COMMUNICATION To the Governor of South-Carolina, SECOND EDITION., CHARLESTON: PRINTED BY A.E. MILLER No. 4 Broad-st. 1838. ]

19世紀に信じられていたのは,ReligiousTolerance.orgによれば:

The Christian church's main justification of the concept of slavery was based on the "curse of Ham" which appears in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) in Genesis 9:25-27. "Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers. He also said, 'Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem. Christians at the time believed that Canaan had settled in Africa and that his descendents had become black.

キリスト教会が奴隷制度を正当化する根拠は、旧約聖書創世記9章25-27節にあるハムの呪いである。『こう言った。「カナンは呪われよ／奴隷の奴隷となり、兄たちに仕えよ。」また言った。「セムの神、主をたたえよ。カナンはセムの奴隷となれ。神がヤフェトの土地を広げ（ヤフェト）／セムの天幕に住まわせ／カナンはその奴隷となれ。」』　当時のキリスト教徒はカナンがアフリカに定住し、その子孫は黒くなったと信じていた。[創世記は日本聖書協会新共同訳使用]

当時の米国の状況もこんなもの。

若い地球の創造論サイトAnswers in Genesisは、現在の価値観をベースに、南部系キリスト教が奴隷制度を肯定していた時代のダーウィンを「Darwin thought natives were advanced animals」などと批判しつつ、自らは：

It has been clearly shown that the blackness of, for example, ‘black’ Africans is merely one particular combination of inherited factors. This means that these factors themselves, though not in that combination, were originally present in Adam and Eve. The belief that the skin color of black people is a result of a curse on Ham and his descendants is taught nowhere in the Bible. Furthermore, it was not Ham who was cursed; it was his son, Canaan (Gen. 9:18, 25; 10:6), and Canaan’s descendants were probably brown-skinned (Gen. 10:15–19).
アフリカ黒人の黒色は継承された要素の特定の組み合わせのひとつにすぎないのは明らかだ。その組み合わせそのものは別として、これらの要素そのものは、アダムとイブにもともとあったものだ。黒人の肌の色はハムとその子孫の呪いによるものだという信念は、聖書のどこにも書かれていない。さらに呪われたのはハムではなく、その子カナンである。そしておそらくカナンの子孫の肌色は茶色だろう。
[Ken Ham, Carl Wieland and Don Batten: Are black people the result of a curse on Ham?]

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