ひきつづき、毎度おなじみMark Isaakの
創造論者の主張から、大進化関連の残りを紹介する:
Claim CB904:
No entirely new features or biological functions have evolved.
まったく新しい機能が進化することはない。
Response:
- Most, if not all, "entirely new features" are modifications of previously existing features. Bird wings, for example, are modified tetrapod forelimbs, which are modified sarcopterygian pectoral fins. A complex, entirely new feature, appearing out of nowhere, would be evidence for creationism.
すべてではないせよ、大半の「まったく新しい機能」は既存の特徴の修正である。たとえば鳥の翼は四足歩行動物の前足の変形であり、四足方向動物の足は肉鰭類の胸部のヒレが変化したものである。複雑で、まったく新しい機能が無から生じたら、それは進化論ではなく創造論の証拠である。
- New features have evolved from older different features. There are several examples of microorganisms evolving the ability to degrade or metabolize novel manmade compounds:
新しい機能は古い異なる機能から進化する。新しい合成合成物を分解させるか、代謝させる能力を発展させている微生物のいくつかの例がある:
- arsenobetaine degradation (Jenkins et al. 2003)
アルセノベタイン分解
- naphthalene and related compound degradation (Annweiler et al. 2002)
ナフタレンと関連化合物の分解
- chlorocatechol degradation (Moiseeva et al. 2002)
クロロカテコール分解
- 2,4-dinitrotolule degradation (Johnson et al. 2002)
Also, a unicellular organism has been evolved to form mulicellular colonies (Boraas et al. 1998); see also mutations producing new features.
また、単細胞生物は多細胞コロニーを形成するように進化した。
- An arbitrary genetic sequence can evolve to acquire functionality (Hayashi et al. 2003).
どの遺伝子シーケンスも新機能を獲得するように進化可能である。
Links:
Harris, Adam Noel, 2000 (July). An observed example of morphological evolution. http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/postmonth/jul00.html
Thomas, Dave, n.d. Evolution and information: The nylon bug. http://www.nmsr.org/nylon.htm
References:
- Annweiler, E., W. Michaelis, and R. U. Meckenstock, 2002. Identical ring cleavage products during anaerobic degradation of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and tetralin indicate a new metabolic pathway. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68(2): 852-858.
- Boraas, M. E., D. B. Seale, and J. E. Boxhorn, 1998. Phagotrophy by a flagellate selects for colonial prey: A possible origin of multicellularity. Evolutionary Ecology 12:153-164. (See also Harris, 2000, above.)
- Hayashi, Y., H. Sakata, Y. Makino, I. Urabe, and T. Yomo, 2003. Can an arbitrary sequence evolve towards acquiring a biological function? Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 162-168.
- Jenkins, R. O. et al., 2003. Bacterial degradation of arsenobetaine via dimethylarsinoylacetate. Archives of Microbiology 180(2):142-150.
- Johnson, G. R., R. K. Jain, and J. C. Spain, 2002. Origins of the 2,4-dinitrotoluene pathway. Journal of Bacteriology 184(15): 4219-4232. (Erratum in Journal of Bacteriology 184(21): 6084.)
- Moiseeva, O. V., I. P. Solyanikova, S. R. Kaschabek, J. Groning, M. Thiel, L. A. Golovleva, and M. Schlomann, 2002. A new modified ortho cleavage pathway of 3-chlorocatechol degradation by Rhodococcus opacus 1CP: genetic and biochemical evidence. Journal of Bacteriology 184(19): 5282-5292.
Claim CB920:
The evolution of new body parts has never been observed.
新しい部位は進化していない。
Source:
Kepler, Christian, n.d. Another false link discovered in the theory of evolution. http://www.canadianheritagealliance.com/channels/articles/kepler/evolution.html
Response:
- We would not expect to directly observe the evolution of new body parts. Major changes occur gradually over long periods of time. Finding a new body part one day where there was none the day before, or even a generation before, would be better evidence for creationism than for evolution.
新しい部位の進化を直接観察できるとは期待できない。大きな変化は漸進的に時間をかけて起きる。昨日までなかった部位が見つかったり、一世代前になかった部位があれば、それは進化論よりも創造論の証拠となる。
- What exactly is a new body part? Most evolutionary changes are changes to existing structures, not additions de novo. We have transitional sequences showing the evolutionary transition of fins to legs, plus some understanding of the genetic changes involved (Zimmer 1998, 57-85). Do legs qualify as a new body part?
そもそも、新しい部位とは何だろうか? 大半の進化的に変化は、既存構造の変化であり、まったく新しいものが加わるのとは違う。ヒレから脚への進化的移行を示す変化系列と、遺伝変化の意味の理解を持っている。
We also sometimes see duplication of body parts. It is not uncommon for cats to have extra toes, for example. Should not these qualify as new body parts?
我々は時々、体の部位が重複しているのを見る。余分の脚を持つ猫はめずらしい。これは新しい部位の出現をしめしているのであろうか。
References:
- Zimmer, Carl, 1998. (see below)
Further Reading:
Zimmer, Carl, 1998. At the Water's Edge: fish with fingers, whales with legs, and how life came ashore but then went back to sea. New York: Touchstone.
(カール・ジンマー「水辺で起きた進化」)
posted by Kumicit at 2007/12/17 00:53
|
Comment(0)
|
TrackBack(0)
|
Creationism
|

|